Gambar Dari Pengertian Civic Education Apa Itu Pendidikan Atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan Sejarah Tujuan Dan Fungsi Jenis Macam Elemen Serta Contohnya Cara Menyediakan Pembelajarannya Dan Kenapa Itu Penting Memahami Pengertian Civic Education, Apa itu Pembelajaran atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan? Sejarah, Tujuan dan Fungsi, Macam, Contoh, Cara serta Pentingnya! Dalam pekerjaan Kami sehari-hari, Kami sering dihadapkan pada banyak pertanyaan, dari yang biasa-biasa saja hingga yang sangat tidak terduga. Berapa banyak negara yang menyertakan pembelajaran kewarganegaraan dalam persyaratan sekolah mereka? Well, jawabannya adalah semua melakukannya. Apakah ada data atau penelitian yang menunjukkan kapan pendidikan kewarganegaraan paling efektif? Kelas sembilan? Sekolah menengah? Perlu kalian ketahui bahwa setelah beberapa konsultasi kolegial dengan teman-teman kami, Kami tidak dapat menemukan apapun. Namun, pertanyaan yang paling sering Kami jawab sendiri yaitu pendidikan kewarganegaraan atau civic education itu? Oke terkait hal itulah dalam postingan kali ini Kami akan membahasnnya secara lengkap. Mari kita simak ulasannya berikut! Daftar Isi KontenPengertian Civic EducationApa itu Pendidikan atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan?Sejarah Awal dari Civic EducationTujuan dan Fungsi Civic EducationMacam-Macam Elemen Civic Education dan Contohnya1. Pengetahuan Kewarganegaraan2. Keterampilan Kewarganegaraan3. Disposisi KewarganegaraanCara Sekolah atau Universitas Menyediakan Pembelajaran Civic EducationKenapa Civic Education Penting?KesimpulanPenutupBagikan Sekarang Ke Berarti pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam bahasa Indonesia, civic education adalah segala proses yang mempengaruhi keyakinan, komitmen, kemampuan serta tindakan orang sebagai anggota atau calon anggota berdasarkan simpulan Kami yang merujuk pada sumber dari Situs Stanford. Ini secara luas dapat didefinisikan dengan cara yang secara jelas membawanya keluar dari ranah politik elektoral dan penyelenggara pemilu. Mungkin saja seseorang yang bertanggung jawab atas pendidikan pemilih juga dapat terlibat dalam usaha pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang lebih luas. Memang, ada sesuatu yang menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan pemilih benar-benar merupakan campuran dari informasi pemilih dan aspek tertentu dari program civic education pendidikan kewarganegaraan yaitu yang berhubungan dengan pemilu. Civic education sebagian besar dilaksanakan di lingkungan pendidikan orang dewasa informal, meskipun ada aspek pendidikan formal di sekolah. Apa itu Pendidikan atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan? Ilustrasi Gambar Apa Itu Pendidikan Atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan Serta Sejarah Civic Education Dan Tujuannya Di Negara Indonesia Jadi, apa itu yang dimaksud dengan pendidikan atau edukasi kewarganegaraan itu sebenarnya? Ya, seperti yang sudah Kami jelaskan di atas, ini lebih dikenal dengan istilah civic education, terutama jika kita mempelajari kurikulum global tentang teknologi informasi serta informatika baca pengertian informatika menurut para ahli disini. Dalam definisi terluasnya, pendidikan atau edukasi kewarganegaraan berarti semua proses yang memengaruhi keyakinan, komitmen, kemampuan dan tindakan seseorang sebagai bagian dari anggota atau calon anggota dari suatu komunitas. Pendidikan kewarganegaraan tidak perlu disengaja atau disengaja, para lembaga dan komunitas menyebarkan nilai dan norma mereka dengan cara yang dapat kita sebut sebagai tanpa disengaja. Memang, hal ini mungkin terbilang tidak bermanfaat bagi sebagian orang, terkadang orang dididik secara sipil dengan cara yang melemahkan atau memberikan nilai dan tujuan yang berbahaya. Dan ini semua tentunya tidak terbatas pada sekolah dan pendidikan anak-anak dan remaja saja. Keluarga, pemerintah, agama, dan media massa hanyalah beberapa institusi yang terlibat dalam pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang dipahami sebagai proses seumur hidup. Sejarah Awal dari Civic Education Agar lebih memahami tentang apa itu pengertian civic education pendidikan atau edukasi kewarganegaraan, maka kita juga harus memahami betul terkait sejarahnya, terutama di negara Indonesia sendiri. Oke, agar dapat lebih mudah dipahami, Kami akan merangkumnya berdasarkan tahun sebagai berikut Pertama istilahnya muncul tahun 1957 dengan nama pada tahun 1959 di pelajaran kewarganegaraan, berubah dengan menjadi Civics Manusia Indonesia Baru dan Tujuh Bahan Pokok Indoktrinasi TUBAPI sebagai buku pada tahun 1962 istilah sipil kewarganegaraan tersebut diganti dengan Kewargaan tahun 1968 Kewargaan Negara juga mengalami perubahan, dimana mereka di ganti dengan Pendidikan Kewargaan 1975, Pendidikan Kewargaan Negara berubah dan diganti dengan Pendidikan Moral Pancasila PMP.Tahun 1978, ini merupakan tahun dimana materi P-4 dalam PMP terbilang sangat 1984 masih tidak ada perubahan, yaitu tetap dengan nama PMP pada tahun 1994, PMP diganti dengan nama pada tahun 1999, materi P-4 pun di 1999+ berubah menjadi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Benar, seperti penjelasan sejarahnya di atas, dapat kita lihat bahwa mereka dikenal dengan sebutan awal yaitu Kewarganegaraan saja. Namun, perubahan pada era reformasi, membuat mereka sekarang dikenal dengan âPendidikan Kewarganegaraanâ atau lebih tepatnya istilah civic education hingga tahun 2023 sekarang ini. Tujuan dan Fungsi Civic Education Setelah kita mengetahui apa arti dan pengertian civic education, tentunya kita juga harus memahami tentang tujuan dan fungsinya juga bukan? Ya, perlu kalian ketahui bahwa tujuan utama dari pendidikan atau edukasi kewarganegaraan dalam hal ini civic education dalam masyarakat kita, yaitu adalah untuk melestarikan dan meningkatkan demokrasi dengan menumbuhkan kepedulian dan kepedulian orang terhadap komunitas mereka dan membekali mereka dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk berpartisipasi secara efektif dalam kehidupan demokrasi. Penambahan kehidupan sipil untuk siswa merupakan tambahan penting dan perlu untuk retorika pendidikan kontemporer dan upaya kebijakan. Memang, institusi pendidikan akan lebih memenuhi tujuan mereka yang luas ketika mereka fokus pada mempersiapkan siswa untuk kuliah, karir dan kehidupan sipil. Terkait fungsinya sendiri, ada beberapa alasan bagus untuk penekanan pada sekolah. Pertama, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan dan nilai-nilai kewarganegaraan civic relatif mudah dipengaruhi dan diubah saat orang masih muda, sehingga sekolah dapat menjadi efektif ketika upaya lain untuk mendidik warga negara gagal. Alasan lainnya adalah sekolah di banyak negara memiliki misi eksplisit untuk mendidik siswa untuk civic education pendidikan atau edukasi kewarganegaraan. Pendidikan berbasis sekolah adalah bentuk pengajaran manusia yang paling disengaja. Mendefinisikan tujuan dan metode pendidikan kewarganegaraan di sekolah merupakan topik debat publik yang layak. Meskipun demikian, penting untuk tidak melupakan fakta bahwa civic education terjadi di semua tahap kehidupan dan di banyak tempat selain sekolah. Macam-Macam Elemen Civic Education dan Contohnya Dalam membahas tentan apa itu civic education, juga merupakan hal yang penting bagi Kami disini untuk menjelaskan terkait jenis dan macam elemen yang terdapat di dalamnya. Perlu untuk diketahui bahwa pendidikan kewarganegaraan berkaitan erat dengan 3 tiga elemen berbeda, yaitu pengetahuan kewarganegaraan, keterampilan kewarganegaraan dan disposisi kewarganegaraan. Di bawah ini akan Kami jelaskan secara lebih lanjut tentang jenis dan macam elemennya. 1. Pengetahuan Kewarganegaraan Jenis macam elemen civic education yang pertama yaitu pengetahuan kewarganegaraan atau civic knowledge. Pengetahuan kewarganegaraan mengacu pada pemahaman warga negara tentang cara kerja sistem politik dan hak serta tanggung jawab politik dan sipil mereka sendiri. Sebagai contoh misalnya hak atas kebebasan berekspresi dan untuk memilih dan mencalonkan diri untuk jabatan publik dan tanggung jawab untuk menghormati aturan hukum serta hak dan kepentingan orang lain. 2. Keterampilan Kewarganegaraan Macam berikutnya yaitu keterampilan kewarganegaraan atau civic skills. Keterampilan kewarganegaraan mengacu pada kemampuan warga negara untuk menganalisis, mengevaluasi, mengambil dan mempertahankan posisi dalam masalah publik dan menggunakan pengetahuan mereka untuk berpartisipasi dalam proses sipil dan politik. Sebagai contoh misalnya untuk memantau kinerja pemerintah atau memobilisasi warga negara lain di sekitar masalah tertentu. 3. Disposisi Kewarganegaraan Jenis macam civic education, khususnya elemennya terakhir yang akan Kami jelaskan disini yaitu disposisi kewarganegaraan atau civic disposition. Disposisi kewarganegaraan didefinisikan sebagai ciri-ciri warga negara yang diperlukan untuk demokrasi. Contohnya misalnya seperti toleransi, semangat publik, kesopanan, pemikiran kritis dan kesediaan untuk mendengarkan, bernegosiasi serta kompromi. Cara Sekolah atau Universitas Menyediakan Pembelajaran Civic Education Ilustrasi Gambar Dari Bagaimana Sekolah Dan Universitas Menyediakan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan Atau Civic Education Jadi, bagaimana cara lembaga seperti sekolah atau universitas menyediakan pembelajaran civic education atau pendidikan edukasi kewarganegaraan ini? Menurut beberapa sumber dan pendapat para ahli yang sudah Kami kumpulkan, para pemimpin di lapangan telah mengidentifikasi 6 enam praktik yang sudah terbukti untuk pembelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan atau civic education, yaitu Pengajaran di kelas; Sekolah harus memberikan pengajaran dalam pemerintahan, sejarah, ekonomi, hukum dan peristiwa saat ini dan masalah kontroversial; Sekolah harus memasukkan diskusi tentang masalah dan peristiwa lokal, nasional, dan internasional saat ini ke dalam kelas, terutama yang dianggap penting oleh kaum muda bagi kehidupan layanan; Sekolah harus merancang dan melaksanakan program yang memberi siswa kesempatan untuk menerapkan apa yang mereka pelajari melalui melakukan pengabdian masyarakat yang terkait dengan kurikulum formal dan pengajaran di ekstrakurikuler; Sekolah harus menawarkan kesempatan bagi kaum muda untuk terlibat di sekolah atau komunitas mereka di luar kelola sekolah; Sekolah harus mendorong partisipasi siswa dalam tata kelola proses demokratis; Sekolah harus mendorong siswa untuk berpartisipasi dalam simulasi proses dan prosedur demokrasi. Kenapa Civic Education Penting? Lalu, apa yang membuat civic education edukasi ini menjadi sesuatu yang penting, terutama jika kita sedang mempelajari kurikulum teknologi baca pengertian teknologi disini yang terbaru? Secara umum memang, masing-masing dari kita harus berusaha menjadi warga negara yang secara aktif terlibat dalam pemerintahan kita. Pendidikan kewarganegaraan atau civic education tidak terbatas pada partisipasi dalam politik dan masyarakat, tetapi juga mencakup partisipasi di ruang kelas, lingkungan, kelompok dan organisasi. Dalam ilmu kewarganegaraan, siswa belajar untuk berkontribusi pada proses publik dan diskusi tentang masalah nyata. Siswa juga dapat mempelajari praktik kewarganegaraan seperti memilih, menjadi sukarelawan, layanan juri dan bergabung dengan orang lain untuk meningkatkan masyarakat. Pendidikan kewarganegaraan PKn memungkinkan siswa tidak hanya untuk mempelajari bagaimana orang lain berpartisipasi, tetapi juga untuk berlatih berpartisipasi dan mengambil tindakan yang terinformasi sendiri. Civic education memberdayakan kita untuk menjadi warga negara yang terinformasi dengan baik, aktif dan memberi kita kesempatan untuk mengubah dunia di sekitar kita. Ini adalah bagian penting dari demokrasi mana pun dan membekali orang biasa dengan pengetahuan tentang demokrasi kita dan Konstitusi kita. Sebagai contoh misalnya, seperti mencoblos pada pemilu adalah tanggung jawab utama yang harus dimanfaatkan oleh setiap warga negara. Jadi, mengapa kita memerlukan civic education? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, kita kembali lagi pada inti dan tujuan utama dari pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Yup! Yaitu adalah mempersiapkan siswa untuk menjadi warga negara yang terinformasi dan terlibat. Sekolah hendaknya membantu kaum muda memperoleh pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap untuk mempersiapkan mereka menjadi warga negara yang bertanggung jawab dan bijaksana. Jadi, pendidikan kewarganegaraan atau civic education jelas ada kaitannya dengan pelestarian demokrasi kita. Kesimpulan Baiklah, Kami pikir sudah cukup jelas untuk sekarang. Jadi, berdasarkan penjelasan dan pembahasan tentang Pengertian Civic Education, Apa itu Pembelajaran atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan? Sejarah, Tujuan dan Fungsi, Macam, Contoh, Cara serta Pentingnya di atas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa pendidikan, edukasi kewarganegaraan atau civic education adalah penyediaan informasi dan pengalaman belajar untuk membekali dan memberdayakan warga negara untuk berpartisipasi dalam proses demokrasi. Education atau pendidikan dapat mengambil bentuk yang sangat berbeda, termasuk pembelajaran berbasis kelas, pelatihan informal, pembelajaran berdasarkan pengalaman dan kampanye media massa. Pendidikan kewarganegaraan dapat ditargetkan pada anak-anak atau orang dewasa, di negara maju atau berkembang dan di tingkat lokal, nasional atau internasional. Dengan demikian, civic education atau pendidikan kewarganegaraan merupakan pendekatan yang menggunakan berbagai metode berbeda dan sering digunakan dalam kombinasi dengan alat tata kelola partisipatif lainnya. Inti dan maksud keseluruhan dari civic education pendidikan kewarganegaraan adalah untuk mempromosikan keterlibatan sipil dan mendukung pemerintahan yang demokratis dan partisipatif. Penutup Demikianlah postingan artikel yang dapat Kami bagikan kali ini, dimana Kami membahas terkait Pengertian Civic Education, Apa itu Pembelajaran atau Edukasi Kewarganegaraan? Sejarah, Tujuan dan Fungsi, Macam, Contoh, Cara serta Pentingnya. Semoga apa yang sudah Kami coba sampaikan serta jelaskan disini dapat bermanfaat dan juga dapat menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan kita semua terutama dalam bidang pembelajaran teknologi umum. Silahkan bagikan artikel atau postingan Kami disini kepada teman, kerabat serta rekan kerja dan bisnis kalian semua khususnya jika kalian temukan ini bermanfaat dan juga jangan lupa subscribe Blog dan YouTube Kami. Sekian dari Kami, Terima Kasih.LandasanPengembangan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Jepang tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konsep warganegara (komin, citizen) dan kewarganegaraan (citizenship). Oleh karena itu, penting diketahui bagaimana konsep-konsep tersebut dikonstruksi. Untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara citizen dan citizenship di Jepang, Otsu (1998:53) ďťżRelated PapersPendidikan Kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran di persekolahan yang mempunyai kontribusi penting dalam membentuk dan mewujudkan warganegara yang cerdas seperti diamanatkan dalam UUD 1945, yaitu smart and good citizenship. Hal ini diperkuat oleh visi Pendidikan Nasional UU tahun 2003 bahwa aspek kepribadian warganegara yang perlu dikembangkan adalah menjadi manusia yang berkualitas sehingga mampu dan proaktif menjawab tantangan pembelajaran yang perlu dikembangkan adalah âcritical thinking oriented and problem solving oriented modesâ CCE1992-2000. Sebab, siswa yang hanya menguasai konsep saja tanpa disertai dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis terkadang sulit mengkomunikasikan ilmunya kepada orang lain dan mengaplikasikan pengetahuannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Saat ini secara adaptif di Indonesia dikembangkan model praktik belajar kewarganegaraan kami bangsa Indonesia atau biasa disebut Project Citizen yang di dalamnya terdapat portofolio hasil belajar siswa. Project citizen merupakan satu instructional treatment yang berbasis masalah untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan, kecakapan, dan watak kewarganegaraan demokratis yang memungkinkan dan mendorong keikutsertaan dalam pemerintahan dan masyarakat sipil. Tujuan Project citizen adalah untuk memotivasi dan memberdayakan para siswa dalam menggunakan hak dan tanggung jawab kewarganegaraan yang demokratis melalui penelitian yang intensif mengenai masalah kebijakan publik di sekolah atau di masyarakat tempat mereka ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan materi pendidikan global pada mata pelajaran PPKn di sekolah menengah atas berbasis model project citizens. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus subjek penelitian ini adalah materi pendidikan global pada mata pelajaran PPKn di SMA berbasis model project citizens. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi secara langsung dengan terlibat menjadi pendidik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model project citizen dapat menumbukan wawasan global dalam memahami isu-isu global peserta didik. Penerapan model pembelajaran project citizen dikembangkan dalam beberapa kriteria yang berorientasi pada pendidikan global. Pendidikan global berbasis model pembelajaran project citizen dapat menjadi media dalam mentrasformasikan nilai-nilai dasar Ideologi Pancasila generasi muda yang berwawasan globalSetiap masyarakat di belahan bumi manapun sangat mendambakan generasi mudanya dipersiapkan untuk menjadi warganegara yang baik dan dapat berpartisipasi dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan negaranya. Keinginan tersebut lebih tepat disebut sebagai perhatian yang terus tumbuh, terutama dalam masyarakat demokratis. Banyak bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa tak satupun negara, termasuk Indonesia, telah mencapai tingkat pemahaman dan penerimaan terhadap hak-hak dan tanggung jawab di antara keseluruhan warganegara untuk mendukung kehidupan demokrasi konstitusional. Untuk kepentingan itu maka dikembangkan Citizenship Education atau Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Pasal 37 ayat 2 UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional menyatakan bahwa Kurikulum Pendidikan wajib memuat Pendidikan Agama, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, dan Bahasa. Tiga mata pelajaran wajib ini mengisyaratkan tujuan membangun kebangsaan yang religius. Pasal ini menempatkan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran yang penting dan strategis disamping Pendidikan Agama dan Bahasa. Pasal tersebut dengan jelas dan tegas mengamanatkan dan mewajibkan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan harus masuk kurikulum di setiap jenjang dan jenis pendidikan dari sekolah dasar hingga perguruan DASAR PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN SEKOLAH DASAR Pendidikan kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang sangat penting untuk diajarkan pada jenjang sekolah dasar, karena pendidikan kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu pelajaran yang berkaitan langsung dengan kehidupan bermasyarakat. Oleh karena itu, para pelaku pendidikan dalam memberikan pelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan harus memiliki pengetahuan tentang konsep-konsep dasar pendidikan kewarganegaraan di sekolah dasar. Buku ini membahas tentang konsep-konsep dasar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Sekolah Dasar yang terdiri dari pokok bahasan, antara lain 1. Konsep dan prinsip Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 2. Paradigma pendidikan kewarganegaraan, 3. Perbandingan pendidikan kewarganegaraan di berbagai negara, 4. Perkembangan pendidikan kewarganegaraan di indonesia, 5. Pembelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan sekolah dasar. Buku ini disajikan secara sistematis dan sederhana dengan tujuan agar pembaca mudah memahami pembahasan yang telah disajikan dalam setiap bab. Oleh karena itu, buku ini sangat sesuai dijadikan referensi bagi praktisi maupun akademisi terutama dilingkungan perguruan tinggi.
PendidikanKewarganegaraan (PKn) dikenal dengan istilah civic education dan citizenship education. Pada dasarnya keduanya merupakan program pembelajaran yang memiliki tujuan utama mengembangkan pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan untuk menjadi warganegara yang baik, melalui pengalaman belajar yang dipilih dan diorganisasikan. Sementara itu berkaitanâ Pengertian Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Civic Education Pengertian Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Civic Education â Pendidikan kewarganegaraan adalah pendidikan atau pelajaran yang mengajarkan akan pentingnya [âŚ] No More Posts Available. No more pages to load. Civicsmerupakan cabang ilmu politik. Stanley E. Dimond berpendapat bahwa civics adalah citizenship mempunyai dua makna dalam aktivitas sekolah. Yang pertama, kewarganegaraan termasuk kedudukan yang berkaitan dengan hukum yang sah. 67% found this document useful 3 votes6K views16 pagesCopyrightŠ Š All Rights ReservedAvailable FormatsDOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdShare this documentDid you find this document useful?67% found this document useful 3 votes6K views16 pagesPerbedaan Civic Education Dengan Citizenship EducationJump to Page You are on page 1of 16 You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 6 to 14 are not shown in this preview. Reward Your CuriosityEverything you want to Anywhere. Any Commitment. Cancel anytime. Pendidikankewarganegaraan atau juga dikenal sebagai civic education merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang biasa kita pelajari di bangku pendidikan. Dari tingkat sekolah dasar hingga perguruan tinggi, Pendidikan kewarganegaan diajarkan. Hanya saja sebagian warga negara kerap melupakan tujuan dan maksud dari pendidikan kewarganegaraan diterapkan.
1. IntroductionIn 1999, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement IEA conducted the second international assessment of civic education âresponding to the expressed need of many countries for empirical data as they began to rethink their civic education programs in the early 1990s transitionsâ [1]. This IEA Civic Education Study involved 28 countries and 90,000 students. A decade later, the IEA conducted the third international assessment of civic education, this time involving 38 countries and 120,000 students [2]. The rationale of this study was not the transitions that had characterized the post-cold War world in the 1990s but rather the uncertainties and calamites that followed the destruction of the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001 and the related terrorist activities in places such as Bali, London and Madrid that followed in quick succession after 2001. Thus the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century witnessed global events that placed a spotlight on civic and citizenship education and its role in a changing world. It is important to understand these changing contexts. One pervasive change that has been identified is related to global economic integration and in particular the growth and influence of technology in the global economy. Often referred to as âglobalizationâ, this increasing integration has highlighted the interdependence of the world economy and the extent to which technology has enhanced this interdependence. For example, individuals across the globe continue to be located in a common geographic space such as China or Germany or the United States of America. Yet increasingly what happens in one society influences what happens in another. The manufacture of clothes in China impacts on prices and work opportunities for citizens in the United States, the financial crisis of 2008 could not be contained in a single geographic space and prices for drugs determined in Western nations impact on access to these drugs by people in developing countries. Yet globalization is not only economic in nature. Local cultures can also be challenged by technology enhanced processes that lead to more globalized music, fashion and food. These in turn may have economic impacts on local societies. As Mok [3] has pointed out âno matter how we assess the impact of globalization, it is undeniable that contemporary societies are not entirely immune from the prominent global forcesâ.While the forces of globalization have been unmistakable across the international landscape, there have also been forces that have highlighted the continuing and significant role of individual nations. Kennedy [4] pointed to three broad elements that account for the continuing strength of nation statesâthe existence of states with strong governance structures, the increasing emphasis on national security in the light of 9/11 and the responses to the 2008 financial crisis that witnessed considerable intervention on the part of national governments. He has referred to these phenomena as a kind of âneo-statismâ signaling the ongoing role of nation states even in an increasingly globalized world. As Keating [5] commented, âthe nation-state model continues to have a grip on the intellectual imagination and its normative elements survive in much writing about politicsâ. The reason for this is not so much a romantic attachment to the nation state. Rather, it is because the everyday lives of citizens continue to be influenced by the decisions of national government whether they are concerned with new financial regulations, new state security arrangements or the variety of laws that cover such areas as transport, housing and education. Kennedy [4] has also pointed to the influence of non-state actors on the international landscape and the need for civic and citizenship education to take account of these. Such actors have been responsible for the ongoing terrorism that has characterized much of the 21st century. The most well known is perhaps Al Qaeda but there are many more smaller groups and sometimes individuals who take it on themselves to threaten citizens directly through the destruction of buildings, and other public infrastructure. While such non state actors have come to characterize the current century they have their origins in much earlier times whenever individuals took action against governments and their follow citizens. Kennedy [4] has commented on the need to make such groups the focus of citizenship education âsince understanding such individuals and groups, knowing how to respond to them and knowing how to respond to state actions against them should be part and parcel of any citizenship education program. Citizens must be equipped to handle complex ideas and ideologies if they are to contribute to their societies in a constructive wayâtraditional approaches to citizenship education may not always achieve this endâ.The kind of changes referred to above may be described in different waysâthey may be characterized as economic, social or political or a combination of all of these. Yet what they achieve together are changes to the conditions of citizenship. In these new contexts, citizenship is no longer stable, no longer able to rely on a single national space or remain sheltered from decisions made thousands of kilometers away. A key issued raised by these phenomena is how to prepare citizens to negotiate and respond to these new contexts. What is the role of civic and citizenship education as both a component of the school curriculum and a social construct designed to serve the needs of changing nation states? The purpose of this paper is to review the status of civic and citizenship education across different regions and within specific national jurisdictions in order to see what changes, if any, have taken place over the past two decades in response to changes in the macro environment. It will do so by drawing on both theoretical and empirical analyses to address the following issuesHow do theoretical isssues construct civic education?How is content in civic education regarded across nations?How do education systems make provision for civic education?How is civic learning best facilitated and what are the implications for the school curriculum? 2. Theoretical Issues and Civic EducationThere are many different ways in which to examine the theoretical issues influencing civic education. In this section, it will be shown how civic and citizenship education and broader conceptions of citizenship can be related. It will also be shown how conceptions of civic and citizenship education itself often serve to construct the school subject in a particular way. Both ways of looking at civic and citizenship education have implications for it as a discipline of and citizenship education can be a policy initiated by a government, a program run in a school, a lesson taught by a teacher or an activity experienced by a student. The common element across these different ways of thinking about civic education is the focus on a special aspect of the school curriculumâthe aspect that is specifically concerned with the education of young people to become citizens of the future. Torney-Purta et al. [1] made the point âthat civic education content is often less codified and less formalized compared to other subjectsâ and this was ârelated to the uncertainty in conceptualizing civic education knowledge due to the amalgamated disciplinary base of the subject and teachersâ varied subject matter backgroundsâ. As a part of the school curriculum, therefore, civic education is unlike traditional subjects such as Mathematics, Language or History. That is, it is not so much about mastering a specific body of knowledge or skillsâalthough civic and citizenship education can be knowledge or skills oriented. Rather, it is primarily about understanding the political processes that regulate the daily lives of individuals in any society. This is a key point to understand when considering civic and citizenship education because, as shown above, it is these very processes that have been transformed over the past two decades. Table 1 summarizes the complex debates that highlight the transformations that have taken place in recent times. The transformations challenge the traditional argument that citizenship is primarily a legal status conferred by one country on the people who live within its borders. This argument is historically located. The history of Europe and North America from the late eighteenth century up to and including the early twentieth century very much focused on the development of individual nations that provided special privileges for their citizensâfor example, the right to vote in elections, the right to stand for election, the right to receive economic and social benefits from the government. Citizens are still privileged within the borders of their nations and their rights are guaranteed within these geographic spaces. Yet they must now look beyond borders because the daily lives of citizens can be as much influenced by forces outside those borders as from within. Table 1. Changing and conflicting conceptions of citizenship. Table 1. Changing and conflicting conceptions of citizenship. Key ideas on citizenshipAuthorIndividual nations have been the building blocks on which notions of citizenship have been built. Individuals within nations are seen to share common bonds that bring them together to create a distinctive groupSee [6,7] on this point The increased economic interaction of nations in the late twentieth century has meant that there is greater interdependence among nations. This interdependence is sometimes referred to as âglobalizationâ. Since citizens now depend not only on their own nation but others as well, ideas have developed that citizenship itself should be broader than a single nationOhmae[8] has written about âthe end of the nation stateâ Reid, Gill & Sears [9] have examined the impact of globalization on civic educationAltman [10] has written about the apparently diminishing impact of globalizationâ in the light of the renewed strength of nation states following the 2008 financial crisisTo try and provide a different perspective on citizenship there has been discussion, some people have talked about âglobal citizenshipâ or âcosmopolitanismâ. The idea has been to suggest a broader understanding of citizenship linked to international rather than national frameworks of involvement and engagement[11,12] The best example of looking beyond borders can be seen in the European Union that has since its beginning promoted the idea of European citizenship. To be a citizen of Europe one must first be a citizen of a member nation. Thus within the European Union, individuals have âtwo citizenshipsâ the traditional national citizenship and European citizenship. This is an important point because it means that one citizenship does not cancel out the other but rather one citizenship complements the other. European citizenship also confers additional rights, for example the right to travel across borders of member countries and the right to vote in European elections. The link between citizenship and rights is therefore maintained in this dual citizenship context. The European Union example supports the idea that in these new times, citizenship is a more complex issue that it has been in the past and there should be new ways of thinking about it to meet new developments and issues. If the idea of citizenship is changing, it follows that ideas about civic and citizenship education should also be changing. Yet such changes are by no means simple. Civic and citizenship education has been embedded in traditional theoretical frameworks that assume it is linked to the needs of individual nations. This is made more complex because there is no single overarching theoryâbut multiple theories. Civic republicanism, for example, assumes âthat individuals come together around common purposes, common values and a common good. The responsibility of citizenship, therefore, is to contribute actively to the âcommon-wealthâ and to recognize at times that individual interests might need to be subjugated to a higher common goodâ [13]. In opposition to this view is a more full blown liberalism that leads to âa citizenship premised on individual rights giving priority to the interests of individuals rather than the interests of larger groups to which individuals belong. Freedom in all spheres of activity is the catch cry of liberal citizenshi [14]. There are different versions of this liberal conception of citizenship. Howard and Patten [15], for example, refer to neo-liberal discourses that influence civic education pointing to dissolution of restrictions within society that prevent individuals from making their own way in the social and economic spheres of activity. The neo-liberal citizen is a self regulating individual without the need for any government support at all and on whom there are no restrictions. Then there is Rawlâs [16] version of political liberalism that argues for restrictions on the role of the state on what should and should not be taught as part of civic education in a pluralistic society. In Rawlâs view there should be no single ideology guiding civic education apart from shared political values necessary for the maintenance of a democratic society. This is the only way to protect religious pluralism that for Rawls lies outside the political realm. While these theoretical frameworks contain major differences that are philosophical and ideological in nature, they share one thing in common. They have been applied to civic and citizenship education on the assumption that it is embedded within individual nations. This reflects the historic nation building role of civic and citizenship education but it does not take into account the changing nature of citizenship in a post-modern world. New formulations based on global conceptions of citizenship are making their presence felt [9,17,18] and these provide alternative narratives for citizenship. But the older theoretical frameworks continue to hold sway. Howard and Patten [15], for example, identified neo-liberal influences on recent civic education curriculum in Australia. Lockyer [19] identified strands of both liberalism and civic republicanism in the United Kingdomâs Citizenship curriculum. The focus on human rights in the civic and citizenship education curriculum of many countries is a reflection of commitments to classical liberalism and individual freedom. While there are many international policy instruments that seek to safeguard these rights, the best protections and indeed the worst abuses come from within the borders of nation states. The older theoretical frames have not disappeared. In their different ways they continue to exert a nation building influence alongside the newer narratives that provide a broader framework in which to locate citizensâ needs and interests. A good example of how the old and the new sit side by side can be seen in the Asia Pacific region. Kennedy [13] showed that while liberalizing tendencies had powerfully affected economic growth and development in many Asian countries and that this in turn had led to widespread curriculum reform, that the same liberal tendencies had not been applied to the civic education curriculum. As Kennedy [13] pointed out âthere is not a single case represented where the nation state has eased its grip on citizenship education as a major means of inducting young citizens into the culture and values of the nation state itself. This is as true for the United States as it is for the Peopleâs Republic of China, for Australia as it is for Malaysia, for New Zealand as it is for Pakistanâ. There can thus be both recognition of the powerful influence of globalizing forces and a deliberate intention to resist such forces in key aspects of a nationâs life. Steiner-Khamsi & Stolpe [20] have demonstrated this same process with particular reference to economic and social development in Mongolia. Here there has been both incorporation of global influences and considerable local agency to resist those influences where local values were seen to be of greater priority. This dual approach to globalization suggests that national and global narratives relating to citizenship will continue to exist side by side rather than one being replaced by the other. It should not, therefore, be assumed that globalization and global citizenship go hand in hand. Indeed the Asian cases demonstrate the oppositeâthe stronger the processes of globalization the more resistant nation states may be in protecting their future final theoretical issue concerned with civic education relevant to the current theme is the tendency to regard the so called âcontentâ of civic education as more process than specific subject matter. Table 2 shows how different approaches to the assessment of civic education highlight process over content. It is not that civic knowledge is absent altogether from these examples see the Australian example but on balance, there is more emphasis on processes than content. This may reflect the fact that in three of the four cases, the assessments apply across countries so the selection of specific content would be very difficult, especially in the international assessments that can apply to over thirty countries. Yet even in the Australian example that does have a specific knowledge domain, the way in which the specific assessment domains are described make it clear that the knowledge being referred to here is almost exclusively national political knowledge. This point is highlighted in Table 3 that compares the key performance measures for Australian students in Year 6 and Year 10. The main point to note about these measures is that they are almost exclusively focused on the national political system and national political institutions. There is one exception, and that is the reference to âanalyzing Australiaâs role as a nation in the global communityâ. This may not necessarily be a reference to the impact of globalization or to the changing nature of citizenship in a global context. Rather, it is more likely to focus on the development of Australia in various regional and international contexts as a member of the Asia Pacific Education Community and the United Nations. This simply reinforces the point that civic knowledge in these global times is more likely to be constructed as local or at best national. The example used here is from Australia, but it is likely to reflect priorities elsewhere as well. It is national rather than global priorities that continue to dominate civic education. At times, as shown in Table 2, the focus may not even be on knowledge at all, but on processes of participation and engagement. Table 2. Process approaches to content in civic education. Table 2. Process approaches to content in civic education. Jurisdiction/PurposeDomainsAustralia National Assessment ProgramâCivics and Citizenship Education Year 6 Assessment 2004 [21]Civics Knowledge and Understanding of Civic Institutions and ProcessesCitizenship Dispositions &Skills for ParticipationEuropean Union survey of citizenship education [22]Political LiteracyAttitudes/ValuesActive ParticipationSecond IEA Civic Education Study [1]Democracy/CitizenshipInternational RelationsSocial Cohesion/DiversityInternational Civic and Citizenship Study [2]Civic Society & SystemsCivic PrinciplesCivic ParticipationCivic Identities Table 3. Key performance measures in the civic knowledge domain the Australian example [21]. Table 3. Key performance measures in the civic knowledge domain the Australian example [21]. Civic Knowledge and Understanding of Civic InstitutionsYear 6Year Recognize key features of Australian Recognise that perspectives on Australian democratic ideas and civic institutions vary and change over Describe the development of Australian self-government and Understand the ways in which the Australian Constitution impacts on the lives of Australian Outline the roles of political and civic institutions in Understand the role of law-making and governance in Australiaâs democratic Understand the purposes and processes of creating and changing rules and Understand the rights and responsibilities of citizens in a range of Identify the rights and responsibilities of citizens in Australiaâs Analyse how Australiaâs ethnic and cultural diversity contribute to Australian democracy, identity and social Recognise that Australia is a pluralist society with citizens of diverse ethnic origins and cultural Analyse Australiaâs role as a nation in the global community What can be concluded from this exploration of theoretical issues influencing civic education? First, it has to be recognized that civic and citizenship education has been developed as a strategy used across nations to support the values, structures and priorities of individual nations. Many of the theoretical frameworks referred to above take this as a given in their analyses of citizenship and the various forms it might take within the nation state. Yet citizenship within nation states is no longer something that can be treated in isolation from the broader global environment. Second, there are multiple forces within this environment that often seem to be pulling in different directions. Globalization has tended to locate influence and power outside of nation states but more recent concerns for national security and global financial stability have increased the influence of national governments. Third, traditionally there has been a focus in civic and citizenship education on processes civic engagement and participation and any focus on civic knowledge has been on national political knowledge structures rather than on knowledge that would help students understand global processes, structures and systems. In the remainder of this paper it will be important to keep these points in mind because they relate to key issues that will be discussed and they will be reviewed again towards the end of the paper. 3. The Content of Civic EducationâA Cross National PerspectiveGiven the different theoretical frameworks in which civic and citizenship education might be developed, it is important to examine the curriculum itself to see how different countries prioritize specific content for civic education. It is possible to gain an overview of civic education content because of the recently completed International Civics and Citizenship Study [2] that asked the 38 participating countries to provide data on the priorities for civic education. The responses have been summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1. Curriculum emphases for civic education identified by education systems participating in the international civic and citizenship study countries [2]. Figure 1. Curriculum emphases for civic education identified by education systems participating in the international civic and citizenship study countries [2]. The first point to note is that while there is some similarities in terms of emphases, there is no common core of civic knowledge that can be identified across participating education systems. There is only one topic that 80% of countries identified as a major emphasis, âLegal Systems and Courtsâ. âUnderstanding Different Cultures and Ethnic Groupsâ was a major emphasis in over 70% of countries. These were followed by âHuman Rightsâ the âEnvironmentâ and âParliament and Government Systemsâ After these topics there is much less agreement on what represents major emphases across the thirty eight countries. Perhaps more importantly, however, topics that might reflect a more international or global perspectiveââThe Global Community and International Organizationsâ and âRegional Institutions and Organizationsââare seen as major emphases in civic education for less than 30% of the participating countries. The same topics do not feature at all in and 21% of countries respectively. Other topics such as âHuman Rightsâ and the âEnvironmentâ may well have global dimensions, but the other topics where there is a major emphasis appear to be more related to local civic organizations or issues. Based on this analysis, therefore, it seems that local rather than global perspectives continue to dominate the civic education curriculum suggesting that the preparation of future citizens continues to be focused on national citizenship. This analysis supports the trend shown in Table 3 referring specifically to the case of Australia where the focus of the civic component of the national civic assessment was also on national and local political systems. Another perspective on the importance of national priorities in civic and citizenship education can be seen from countriesâ endorsement of the importance of developing a sense of national identity and allegiance. 47% of countries indicated that this was a major emphasis in terms of civic processes emphasized in civic education, 42% of countries indicated there was some emphasis on it and 11% of countries indicated there was no emphasis on it [2]. This is not to say that there are not other persepctivres included in national curriculum or that if the question had been asked about global persepctives that it may not have received a positive response. For example, in the United Kingdomâs Citizenship curriculum for students to be assessed at Level 6 and above, they must be able to âshow understanding of interdependence, describing interconnections between people and their actions in the UK, Europe and the wider worldâ [23]. Yet national perspectives remain dominant in civic education even where there may be a recognition that students should look beyond the borders of their respective it is also possible to examine the way teachers participating in the ICCS viewed the importance of civic content. Table 4 shows content areas and teachersâ responses to them. Table 4. Teachersâ perceptions of important aims for civic education. Table 4. Teachersâ perceptions of important aims for civic education. Aims for civic educationPercentages of teachers considering these aims for civic education importantn = 30 countriesInternational Average %Range %Promoting knowledge of social, political and civic institutions3316â57Promoting respect for and safeguard of the environment4122â61Promoting the capacity to defend oneâs own point of view204â8Developing studentsâ skills and competencies in conflict resolution4121â73Promoting knowledge of citizensâ rights and responsibilities6037â73Promoting studentsâ participation in the local community162â40Promoting studentsâ critical and independent thinking5219â84Promoting studentsâ participation in school life199â5Supporting the development of effective strategies for the fight against racism and xenophobia101â31Preparing students for future political participation71â19 From the perspective of teachers in 30 countries, the top four aims of civic education are âPromoting knowledge of citizensâ rights and responsibilities 60%, âPromoting studentsâ critical and independent thinkingâ 52% and âPromoting respect for and safeguard of the environmentâ/âDeveloping students skills and competencies in conflict resolutionâ 41% each. Given that these were forced category choices, teachers did not get the opportunity to express their views about global citizenship or global issues. Nevertheless, the focus of these top four aims clearly show that civic and citizenship education in these different national contexts emphasise the social and the personal aspects of the subject. It seems that for teachers, equipping individual students with skills that will help them negotiate a complex and uncertain world, is a priority. It is of interest to note that âPromoting knowledge of social, political and civic institutionsâ rates relatively poorly 33% of teachers on average regard it is important in at least one country the figure is as low as 16% of teachers. Lower still is any focus on âPreparing students for future political participationâ with an international average of only 7% of teachers seeing it as important. This suggests that the political roles of citizens are not regarded as important by teachers, particularly when compared to the personal and social roles that students can play as future citizens. Finally, it can be seen that processes rather than specific content dominate civic education. Yet how are these aims realized in the actual curriculum? This issue will be addressed in the following section. 4. Curriculum Structures for Civic EducationThe organization of the school curriculum highlights and what is considered valued knowledge for young people. It would be likely across countries to find that Mathematics, Science and mother tongue Language will be separate subjects with specific time allocations. In addition, perhaps History and Geography or some integrated version such as Social Studies will also find a similar place. Then there may also be room for Physical Education, Art, Music and Health Education. Where does Civic Education fit alongside these formal subjects in the school curriculum?Kennedy [14] proposed a framework for considering the curriculum status of civic education. It highlighted four possible modes of delivery as a single subject, taught through other subjects such as History and Geography, integrated across all subjects or as an extra curricular activity. In a subsequent study, Fairbrother and Kennedy [24] showed students who experienced Civic Education as a separate subject did produce higher scores on civic learning outcome measures and the differences were statistically significantly different from those of students who experienced Civic Education in other modes. Yet the mode of curriculum delivery did not account for a significant proportion of the variance in studentsâ learning outcomes. Other factors need to be identified that impact on the recent ICCS [2] Table 2 the curriculum delivery modes themselves were re-categorized and expanded from Kennedyâs [14] four to eight Specific subject compulsory or optional;Integrated into several subjects;Cross curricular;Assemblies and special events;Extra- curricular activities;Classroom experience/ethos; interesting point to note about participating countriesâ responses to these curriculum delivery categories is that apart from compulsory/optional choice they were not seen to be mutually exclusive. Thus all countries indicating Civic Education was a compulsory single subject representing 45% of the total number of countries also indicated other curriculum delivery modes were used as well. For example, Chinese Taipei selected âcompulsory specific subjectâ, âcross curricularâ, âassemblies and special eventsâ, âextra-curricular activitiesâ and âclassroom experiences/ethosâ whereas Estonia selected âcompulsory specific subjectâ, âintegrated into several subjectsâ and âcross curriculaâ. There is, therefore, not a single curriculum delivery mode for civic education but multiple modes. This is also true where Civic Education is not a single subject see, for example, Hong Kong, Finland and Denmark [2] Table 2. A key point that arises from this phenomenon is to consider what it means for Civic Education as a observation to make on this issue is that the new curriclum delivery categories addded by the ICCS were towards the informal civic learning end of the curriculum. This suggests that while there may be formal curriuclum content to be covered for example 45% of countries indicated Civic Education was a âcompulsory specific subjectâ and 81% indicated it was âintegrated into several subjectsâ there were also aspects of Civic Ecuation that fell outside of these subject boundaries into more informal activities for example assemblies, extra curricular activities and classroom ethos. This makes Civic Education somewhat exceptional since its boundaries are so flexible. It also raises the important question of civic learning and how this can best be facilitated for curriuclum exepriences that extend beyond the formal curriuclum. . This issue will be taken up in the following section. 5. Facilitating Civic Learning and the Implications for the School CurriculumResearchers on civic learningâincluding those responsible for the ICCSâhave tended to focus on those structural variables that influence student learningâsocioeconomic status, gender, immigrant status, etc. These are always telling and are important control variables, but the issue of interest to teachers is what can be done to promote civic learning both within classrooms and beyond them into schools and the community. The responses in the research literature tend to suggest that there are instructional strategies and school activities that do support studentâs civic learning. An âopen classroom climateâ within classrooms and the use of School Parliaments involving students are two processes that have been found to be positively related to studentsâ civic learning [1]. These are things that teachers and schools can well manage and go beyond the structural and demographic characteristics of students. There are other strategies that were identified in the context of the IEA Civic education study [1]. Turney-Purta and Barber, [25] reported that reading newspapers is a moderate predictor of studentsâ likelihood to vote βs across their European sample were ⼠10, ⤠21. Torney-Purta et al [1], reported that the frequency of watching TV and news amongst the international sample was also a moderate predictor of studentsâ likelihood to vote in the future β = 13. These could be activities that take place out of school. Yet given that there are differential levels of trust in the media across countries they could equally well take place within school if they were developed as instructional and learning activities. Husfeldt, Barber and Torney-Purta [26] developed a new Trust in Media Scale but have also raised the question of whether students are able to apply critical skills to the task. Amadeo, Torney-Purta and Barber [27] have shown the positive relationship between media consumption and both studentsâ civic knowledge and their attitude to future civic engagement. Torney-Purta and Barber [25] have pointed out âschool-based programs that introduce students to newspapers and foster skills in interpreting political information may be of valueâ. This may be a particularly important thing to do for students whose home environments do not provide them with these informal learning opportunities. These are more examples of how schools and teachers can make a difference to civic consideration of civic learning raises an important question about the nature of civic and citizenship education as a âdisciplineâ. It is concerned with both âcontentâ and âpedagogyâ, and it is not enough to consider either in isolation. The influential report, The Civic Mission of Schools [28,29] made this point very strongly. The report argued that while civic knowledge is an essential part of any civic education, it cannot be delivered in such a way as to alienate students or lead them to become disengaged from learning. The kind of teaching and learning strategies referred to above are as much a part of the discipline as the specific knowledge itself. Pedagogy and content must be integrated for civic education what needs to be learnt should be constructed in a learning environment that is at once relevant, meaningful and engaging to students. Because civic education, in liberal democracies at least, is about supporting democratic structures and systems, then teaching strategies need also to be democratic otherwise there will be a conflict between the content and the pedagogy. This is an important issue for the development of civic and citizenship education in the future. 6. ConclusionsThe many changes in the external environment have focused attention on civic and citizenship education over the past two decades. Many countries have responded to these changes by reinforcing the civic and citizenship education curriculum but there has been no standard approach internationally. Diversity rather than uniformity is the main characteristic of the civic curriculum. In terms of aims, teaching strategies and delivery mechanisms, there is considerable variability across countries. Successive international assessment studies have not isolated the variables that can account for successful civic learning. Rather, a combination of structural characteristics for example, socioeconomic status, gender and immigrant status combined with student focused instructional strategies and democratic decision making processes seem to be the most likely explanations for different levels of civic learning. Yet much remains to be done to identify other variables that impact on student learning in civic education. In terms of specific content for civic education, it seems that at the present time, despite the significant changes to the external environment, the focus is on national political structures and systems. While more detailed examination of specific curricula is needed to confirm this finding, it does seem that in a number of jurisdictions at least the emphasis is on the social and personal aspects of civic education rather than on the political or global aspects. This is despite the changes that were documented at the beginning of this paper. Global citizenship, while the vision of some academics and community supporters, remains at some distance from national curricula where, to use Keatingâs [5] terms, âthe nation-state model continues to have a grip on the intellectual imaginationâ ReferencesTorney-Purta, J.; Lehmann, R.; Oswald, H.; Schulz, W. 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kepustakaanasing disebut dengan istilah social studies, social education, citizenship education, dan social science education. Pendidikan IPS adalah suatu bidang studi yang mempelajari, menelaah dan menganalisis gejala dan masalah sosial di masyarakat di tinjau dari berbagai aspek kehidupan secara terpadu (Sapriya, dkk.Civics, Civic Education, Citizenship Education Pertemuan Ke-4 Nurul Febrianti, M. Pd. Prodi PGSD FKIP KEMAMPUAN AKHIR YANG DIHARAPKAN Mahasiswa mampu memaparkan secara tepat definisi dan hakikat Civics, Civic Education, dan Citizenship Education. Mahasiswa mampu memaparkan secara kritis korelasi dan perbandingan Civics, Civic Education, dan Citizenship Education. CIVICS CIVIC EDUCATION CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION CIVICS ⢠Istilah civics civic+s merupakan istilah yang paling tua sejak digunakan pertama kalinya oleh Chreshore pada tahun 1886. ⢠Civics digunakan untuk menunjukkan civics sebagai the science of citizenship, the relation of man, the individual, to man in organized collections, the individual in his relation to the state Numan Somantri, 2001 ⢠Civics diterjermahkan sebagai ilmu kewarganegaraan yang isinya natara lain mempelajari hubungan antarwarga negara dan hubungan antara warga negara dengan negara. ⢠Civics economics, politics CIVICS ⢠Secara terminologis, civics adalah suatu studi yang berkaitan dengan tugas pemerintah dan hak serta kewajiban warga negara. ⢠Dalam Dictionary of Education disebutkan civics is element of political science or branch of political science dealing with the rights and duties of citizens. ⢠Di Indonesia, istilah civics diterjemahkan sebagai âIlmu Kewarganegaraan. â Disingkat IKn. ⢠Istilah civics sendiri secara etimologis berasal dari bahasa latin, yaitu âcivicâ, âcivicusâ, atau âcivitasâ. CITIZENSHIP ⢠Citizenship pada umumnya diterjemahkan dengan kewarganegaraan. ⢠Citizenship atau kewarganegaraan tidak bisa dipisahkan dari konsep civics atau citizen. ⢠âCitizenship as a set of characteristics of being a citizen. â Cogan & Derricott, 1998 ⢠âCitizenship is a membership in a political community originally a city or town but now usually a country and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such a membership is a citizen. â 4 Makna Kewarganegaraan menurut Roger M. Smith Sebagai hak, yaitu hak politik u/ berpartisipasi dalam proses pemerintahan Sebagai status hukum, yang secara sah diakui sebagai dari komunitas politik negara yang berdaulat. Keanggotaan dari suatu komunitas, tidak hanya pada negara, tetapi juga komunitas lain keluarga, club, universitas, dan komunitas politik yang lebih luas lagi. Seperangkat tindakan, artinya kewarganegaraan tidah hanya mengimplikasikan adanya keanggotaan, tetapi juga ketentuan 2 perilaku warga negara. Handbook Making Sense of Citizenship, menyatakan bahwa konsep kewarganegaraan memiliki arti sebagai A legal & political status An educational activity Involvement in public life and affairs Berdasakan uraian di atas menunjukkan bahwa menjadi warga tidak melulu anggota sebuah komunitas, tetapi memerlukan seperangkat yang muncul dari sifat keanggotaan karakter, perilaku, dan sikap itu. Warga bukan hanya anggota suatu komunitas politik negara atau disebut warga negara, tetapi juga anggota dari komunitas lainnya. Menjadi warga negara memerlukan âan educational activityâ. Dalam konteks inilah civic education atau citizenship education diperlukan. Civic Education ⢠Civic Education atau Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan merupakan program pendidikan yang materi pokoknya adalah demokrasi politik yang ditujukan kepada peserta didik atau warga negara yang bersangkutan. ⢠Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan civic education dinyatakan sebagai upaya menerapkan civics Ilmu Kewarganegaraan dalam proses pendidikan. ⢠John J. Cogan 1999 mengartikan civic education sebagai ââŚthe foundational course work in school designed to prepare young citizens for role in their communities in their adult lives. â ⢠Civic education adalah suatu mata pelajaran dasar di sekolah yang dirancang untuk mempersiapkan warga negara muda, agar kelak setelah dewasa dapat berperan aktif dalam masyarakatnya. Citizenship Education ⢠Citizenship Education atau education for citizenship diartikan sebagai âthe more inclusive term and encompasses both these in âschool experience as well as out of-school or non formal/informal learning which takes places in family, the religious organization, community organization, the media, etc which help to shape the totally of the citizen. â ⢠Selanjutnya disimpulkan bahwa âcitizenship education atau education for citizenshipâ dipandang sebagai âis large overarching concept here while civic education is but one part, albeit a very important part, of oneâs development a citizen. â John J. Cogan 1999 Membedakan istilah pendidikan kewarganegaraan bhs. Indonesia dalam dua pengertian Civic Education Citizenship Education ⢠Civic education adalah pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam pengertian sempit, yaitu sebagai bentuk pendidikan formal, seperti mata pelajaran, mata kuliah, atau kursus di lembaga sekolah, universitas, atau lembaga formal lain. ⢠Citizenship education mencakup tidak hanya sebagai bentuk formal pendidikan kewarganegaraan, tetapi bentuk-bentuk informal dan non formal pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Citizenship education adalah pengertian pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang generik umum dan dalam arti luas. David Kerr 1991 Dalam definisi yang lain civic education dan citizenship education ⢠Process to encompass the preparation of young people for their roles and responsibilities as citizen and in particular, the role of education through schooling, teaching, and learning in that preparatory process. ⢠In particular, the role of education through schooling, teaching, and learning in that preparatory process. ⢠Citizenship education sbg proses pendidikan dalam rangka menyiapkan warga muda akan hak-hak, peran, dan tamggung jawabnya sbg warga negara, sedangakan civics education adalah citizenship education yang dilakukan melalui sekolah Dari pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa civic education dimaksudkan sebagai pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam arti sempit atau khusus, sedangkan citizenship education dimaksudkan sebagai pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam arti luas. Dengan demikian, istilah pendidikan kewarganegaraan bahasa Indonesia sesungguhnya mencakup dua pengertian dalam kosa kata bahasa inggris, yaitu civic education dan citizenship education yang keduanya memiliki cakupan makna berbeda. Kosa kata dalam bahasa Indonesia ternyata belum mampu mewakili dua pengertian tersebut. Paradigma Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ⢠Secara paradigmatik pendidikan kewarganegaran memiliki tiga komponen atau domain, yakni a. Sebagai kajian ilmiah pendidikan ilmu kewarganegaraan b. Sebagai program kurikuler Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan c. Sebagai gerakan sosio-kultural kewarganegaraan, yang secara koheren bertolak dari essensi dan bermuara pada pengembangan pengetahuan kewarganegaraan, nilai dan sikap kewarganegaraan, dan keterampilan kewarganegaraan. Visi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ⢠Citizenship education memiliki visi sosio-pedagogis mendidik warga negara yang demokratis dalam konteks yang lebih luas, yang mencakup konteks pendidikan formal dan pendidikan non-formal, seperti yang secara konsisten diterapkan di Inggris Raya. ⢠Sedangkan civic education secara umum memiliki visi formalpedagogis untuk mendidik warga negara yang demokratis dalam konteks pendidikan formal, seperti secara adaptif diterapkan di Amerika Serikat. ⢠Menurut Winataputra 2001, visi pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam arti luas, yakni sebagai sistem pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang berfungsi dan berperan sebagai program kurikuler dalam konteks pendidikan formal dan non-formal, program aksi sosialkultural dalam konteks kemasyarakatan, dan sebagai bidang kajian ilmiah dalam wacana pendidikan disiplin ilmu pengetahuan sosial Misi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Dalam konteks proses reformasi menuju Indonesia baru dengan konsep masyarakat madani sebagai tatanan ideal sosial-kulturalnya, maka pendidikan kewarganegaraan mengemban misi sosio-pedagogis, sosio-kultural, dan substantif-akademis Winataputra, 2001. Misi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Misi Sosiopedagogis ⢠Adalah mengembangkan potensi individu sebagai insan Tuhan dan makhluk sosial menjadi warga negara Indonesia yang cerdas, demokratis, taat hukum, beradab, dan religius. Misi Sosiokultural ⢠Adalah memfasilitasi perwujudan cita-cita, sistem kepercayaan/nilai, konsep, prinsip, dan praksis demokrasi dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat madani Indonesia. Misi Substantifakademis ⢠Adalah mengembangkan struktur atau tubuh pengetahuan pendidikan kewarganegaraan, termasuk di dalamnya konsep, prinsip, dan generalisasi mengenai dan yang berkenaan dengan civic virtue atau kebajikan kewarganegaraan. Terima Kasih. . GKuaa.